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In theory, this should support a total of approximately 268,435,438 (< 228) clusters, allowing for drive sizes in the range of 2 terabytes. However, due to limitations in Microsoft's scandisk utility, the FAT is not allowed to grow beyond 4,177,920 (< 222) clusters, placing the volume limit at 124.55 gigabytes, unless "scandisk" is not needed. [3]
Windows 2000 and Windows XP can read and write to FAT32 filesystems of any size, but the format program on these platforms is limited to creating FAT32 filesystems with a maximum size of 32 GB. Thompson and Thompson (2003) write that "Bizarrely, Microsoft states that this behavior is by design"[2] Microsoft's knowledge base article 184006[3] indeed says this, but gives no rationale for or explanation of the limitation. Peter Norton's opinion is that "Microsoft has intentionally crippled the FAT32 file system,"[4]. The maximum possible file size for a FAT32 volume is 4 GiB minus 1 byte (232-1 bytes). For most users, this has become the most nagging limit of FAT32 as of 2005, since video capture and editing applications can easily exceed this limit, as can the system swap file.

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